Explain the steps of a Direct Memory Access (DMA) transfer. What are the advantages of using the DMA technique of data transfer? Illustrate the DMA breakpoints in an instruction cycle with the help of a diagram.

 Consider that the main memory of a computer is 256 words (assume a memory word to be 32 bits). The cache memory of this computer consists of 8 blocks, each 128 bits in size. Find the cache addresses for the main memory addresses 01100011 and 11010111, for the following cache

 Find the storage capacity of a magnetic disk with 16 recording surfaces and 256 tracks consisting of 256 sectors each. You may assume that each sector can store 1 MB of data. (iv) Find the rotational latency of a disk that rotates at 9000 rpm

 (i) Explain the structure of a 4x2 ROM with the help of a diagram. (ii) How many memory chips of size 128K x 8 bits are needed to build a RAM of size 64 M words if the word size of RAM is 32 bits?

Explain the functioning of the RS flip-flop with the help of a logic diagram and a characteristic table. Also, make and explain the excitation table of this flip-flop

(i) Explain the functioning of a synchronous counter.

(j) Represent (-729.25) and (0.0078125) in IEEE 754 single-precision format.

Assume that a source data value of 1011 was received at a destination as 0011. Show how Hamming's Error-Correcting code will be appended to the source data, so this one-bit error is identified and corrected at the destination. You may assume that the transmission error occurs in the source data and not in the error correction code.

Make the Truth Table and draw the logic diagram of a 3x8 decoder. Explain its functioning with the help of a truth table and an example input.

Consider the Adder-Subtractor circuit given in Unit 3 of Block 1. Explain how this circuit will perform subtraction (A-B) if the value of A is 1001 and B is 0111. You must list all the bit values, including Co, Cous, and the overflow condition.

Simplify the following function using a K-map: F(A, B, C, D) = 2(1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12). Draw the circuit for the simplified function using NAND gates

 Perform the following number conversions:

(i) Decimal (1479865320) to binary and hexadecimal.

(ii) Hexadecimal (BCDAFD01) to binary and octal.

(iii) ASCII string "BCA Program Code is BCA_NEW & BCA_NEWOL" to UTF-8

(iv) Octal (72143065) to decimal

Explain how a computer will execute the following high-level language program segment:

int x=10, y=20, result;

result=x+y;

Explain the von Neumann architecture with the help of a diagram. Also, explain how the data and instructions are stored in this architecture

 Explain why workplace safety training is essential and the benefits it provides to employees and the organization. 

Describe the procedure for hazard reporting in the workplace and the benefits of reporting hazards.

 Explain HACCP and food safety management systems and evaluate their role in preventing food hazards in hospitality operations.

What is significance of security audits? Explain any five security auditing tools.

 Explain the most common security issues in cyberspace. 

Discuss strategies to prevent slips, trips, and falls in hotels and restaurants. 

Describe common emergencies in the tourism and hospitality sector and how to handle them. 

Discuss the role and applications of Al and IoT in physical security.