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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a widely used immunological technique to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies in a sample. Direct ELISA involves the attachment of an antigen to the solid surface, followed by detection using an enzyme-conjugated primary antibody specific to the antigen. Its principle is simple, involving a single antibody-antigen interaction, which reduces time and steps. Advantages include rapidity and reduced cross-reactivity, but it lacks signal amplification and sensitivity. Direct ELISA is commonly applied ________ ______ ___ ________ ____.
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