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Eukaryotic genes exhibit a complex and modular organization that distinguishes them from prokaryotic genes and underlies much of the regulatory and evolutionary sophistication seen in higher organisms. A typical eukaryotic gene consists of coding regions known as exons, interrupted by non-coding regions called introns. In addition to these structural components, genes contain regulatory sequences such as promoters, enhancers, silencers, and terminators that control the timing, location, and level of gene expression. The promoter region, usually located upstream of the transcription start site, contains conserved motifs such as the TATA box and CAAT box, which serve as binding sites for transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. Enhancers may be located far upstream, downstream, or within introns and can dramatically increase transcription through DNA looping interactions. Within the transcribed region, exons include both _________ ________ ______ __________ _______ ____ ______ ____ _______ ______ ______ ___.
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