What are the functions of modern zoo? Discuss any four major welfare issues in zoo animals with examples.

Modern zoos play a multifaceted role in society and animal conservation, going far beyond merely being places where animals are displayed for public entertainment. Their functions have evolved significantly over time, shifting from exhibition-based facilities to institutions focused on education, research, conservation, and welfare. The primary functions of a modern zoo can be summarised as follows:

Firstly, modern zoos serve as centres for *conservation*. With habitat destruction, climate change, and poaching pushing many species towards extinction, zoos play a critical role in preserving endangered species through captive breeding programmes, often participating in global initiatives such as Species Survival Plans (SSPs) and European Endangered Species Programmes (EEPs). Zoos collaborate with international organisations to maintain genetic diversity and support species reintroductions into the wild. For instance, the Arabian oryx, once extinct in the wild, has been successfully reintroduced into its natural habitat, thanks to captive breeding efforts in zoos.

Secondly, zoos have an *educational* function, aiming to increase public awareness about animals, ecosystems, and the importance of biodiversity conservation. They offer educational programmes, workshops, and interactive exhibits that encourage visitors to develop empathy and understanding for wildlife. By fostering a connection between people and animals, zoos contribute to a conservation ethic among the public. For example, through guided tours, informative panels, and outreach programmes, zoos educate millions of visitors each year, helping them understand complex issues like habitat loss, illegal wildlife trade, and climate change.

Thirdly, *research* is a key function of modern zoos. They provide opportunities for __________ ___ ________ ___ _________ ________ ______ ______.
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