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Sheep and goat farming plays an important role in providing food, fiber, and income to millions of people worldwide, particularly in rural and semi-arid regions. These animals are valuable not only for meat and milk but also for wool, skin, and manure. However, the farming of sheep and goats is often associated with welfare challenges that affect the health, behavior, and overall well-being of the animals. Welfare issues in this context arise from housing conditions, feeding practices, management systems, handling, health care, and slaughter methods. Identifying and addressing these concerns is crucial because animal welfare is directly linked to productivity, quality of produce, and the sustainability of the farming system. When welfare is compromised, it leads to suffering, stress, disease susceptibility, and reduced output. Two significant welfare issues in sheep and goat farming are poor nutrition and health management, and painful husbandry practices such as castration, tail docking, and dehorning. Both of these problems have welfare concerns and also potential alternatives that can improve the overall quality of life of these animals. One major welfare issue in sheep and goat farming is inadequate nutrition and poor health management. Nutrition plays a central role in animal well-being. In many extensive and semi-intensive systems, sheep and goats graze on natural pastures that are seasonal and often insufficient in nutrients. During dry seasons, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, the quantity and quality of forage decline drastically. ____ _____ _____ _____ _______ _____ ____ _________.
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