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Poultry farming systems vary widely in design, management, and animal welfare implications. The type of system used directly influences the living conditions, health, and behavior of poultry birds, and thus has a significant impact on their welfare. The welfare of poultry birds is often evaluated using the “Five Freedoms” framework, which serves as a global standard for assessing animal welfare. Understanding different poultry farming systems along with the five freedoms helps ensure that farming practices align with humane and ethical standards. Different Poultry Farming Systems 1. Battery Cage System This is one of the most intensive poultry farming systems, primarily used in commercial egg production. Birds are housed in small wire cages, often in large stacked rows inside climate-controlled buildings. Each cage holds multiple hens, with limited space for movement. * Advantages: High productivity, ease of management, reduced cannibalism, efficient feed conversion, and lower labor costs. * Disadvantages: Severe space restriction, inability for birds to express natural behaviors like dust-bathing, wing-flapping, and nesting. Prolonged confinement can lead to osteoporosis, feather loss, and foot injuries. 2. Enriched Cage System This system improves on the conventional battery cage by providing perches, nesting areas, and scratching pads. Cages are larger and designed to allow some natural behaviors while maintaining production efficiency. * Advantages: Better behavioral opportunities compared to battery cages, improved bone strength, reduced aggression. * Disadvantages: Still limits full freedom of movement and foraging behavior, higher production costs compared to conventional cages. 3. Deep Litter System Birds are kept on a floor covered with litter material (wood shavings, rice husks, or straw). The litter absorbs moisture and allows birds to scratch, peck, and dust-bathe. This system can be used for both broilers and layers. * Advantages: Better welfare compared to cages, more natural movement, reduced skeletal problems due to exercise. * Disadvantages: Greater risk of disease if ______ __________ __________ ________ _________ _________ ______ ____ ____ __________.
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