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Poultry farming is a significant component of the agricultural sector, contributing to food security and economic growth through the production of meat and eggs. However, the welfare of poultry birds is a critical concern in this industry, as various farming systems impose different levels of stress and limitations on the birds’ natural behaviors. Understanding the different poultry farming systems and the principles of the “Five Freedoms” is essential to evaluate the welfare implications for poultry. Poultry farming systems can broadly be classified into intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive systems, each having distinct characteristics and implications for bird welfare. Intensive systems, often referred to as conventional or industrial systems, are characterized by high stocking densities, controlled environmental conditions, and mechanized feeding and watering systems. These systems maximize production efficiency but often restrict natural behaviors such as foraging, perching, and dust bathing, which are essential for the birds’ physical and psychological well-being. Intensive systems may include battery cages for laying hens and high-density broiler houses, which allow minimal space per bird, increasing the risk _____ _____ ___ __________ ________ ____ ______ _____ ____ ________ ______.
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