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In Jain philosophy, the concepts of Dravya (substance), Guna (attribute), and Paryaya (modification) form the foundation of its metaphysical framework. These concepts are interrelated and essential to understanding the Jain worldview, especially its doctrines of permanence and change, multiplicity (anekāntavāda), and the nature of reality. Dravya refers to the fundamental substances that constitute the universe. Jainism recognizes six types of dravya: Jiva (soul), Pudgala (matter), Dharma (principle of motion), Adharma (principle of rest), Akasha (space), and Kala (time). Each dravya is eternal and indestructible but undergoes constant transformation. Jiva is characterized by consciousness, while Pudgala includes all ______ ________ _________ ______ ______ ________ _________ ___.
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