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In Nyaya philosophy, *Upamāna* (comparison or analogy) is recognized as one of the four valid means (*pramāṇas*) of acquiring knowledge. The other three are *pratyakṣa* (perception), *anumāna* (inference), and *śabda* (verbal testimony). Upamāna is the knowledge derived from similarity or comparison between a known and an _________ _______ ___ __________ __________ ____ ______ _________ _____.
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