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Pratītyasamutpāda, also known as the Doctrine of Dependent Origination or Dependent Co-Arising, is a central concept in Indian philosophy, particularly in Buddhist thought. It conveys the idea that all phenomena arise in dependence upon multiple causes and conditions, and nothing exists in complete isolation or by its own essence. This doctrine negates the existence of a permanent self or eternal substance and emphasizes the interdependent, conditioned, and impermanent nature of reality. Literally, “Pratītya” means dependence or conditionality, and “Samutpāda” means arising or origination. Together, it indicates that all phenomena originate due to the coming together of causes and conditions, and when these causes cease, the phenomena also cease. In Buddhist philosophy, Pratītyasamutpāda is often explained through the twelve links (dvādaśāṅga) of dependent origination, which illustrate the cyclic process of saṃsāra, the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. These twelve links are: (1) Ignorance (avidyā), (2) Volitional formations (saṃskāra), (3) Consciousness (vijñāna), (4) Name-and-form (nāma-rūpa), (5) Six sense bases (ṣaḍāyatana), (6) Contact (sparśa), (7) Feeling (vedanā), (8) Craving (tṛṣṇā), (9) Clinging (upādāna), (10) Becoming (bhava), (11) Birth (jāti), and (12) Old age and death (jarāmaraṇa). This chain shows how suffering _____ _______ ______ ____ ________.
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