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The Indian Constitution provides a robust framework for ensuring fair labour practices, reflecting the country's commitment to social justice and equitable work conditions. Several articles within the Constitution, along with specific labour laws, guarantee fundamental rights and privileges for workers to protect them from exploitation and to promote industrial harmony. Article 14, which guarantees equality before law, ensures that workers are not discriminated against based on caste, gender, religion, or region. Article 19(1)(c) secures the right to form associations and unions, which forms the foundation for collective bargaining, a critical tool for fair labour practices. Article 21 guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which has been interpreted to include the right to a dignified working environment. Further, Article 23 prohibits forced labour, while Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of fourteen in hazardous occupations, reflecting the Constitution’s focus on humane working conditions. Additionally, Directive Principles of State Policy, particularly Articles 39(e) and 43, emphasize securing a living wage, decent work conditions, and worker welfare, guiding the legislative and executive actions toward fair labour practices. Over time, the institutional mechanisms in India, including employer organizations, managerial roles, and trade unions, have significantly influenced the dynamics of __________ ___ ___ ____ ________ ___ ________.
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