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Industrial relations, often referred to as employment relations, have evolved significantly over the past century, shaped by economic, social, and political forces. At its core, industrial relations encompass the complex interactions between employers, employees, trade unions, and the government, aiming to regulate work conditions, resolve conflicts, and promote workplace cooperation. The evolution of industrial relations can be traced through several historical phases, each reflecting the broader societal context of the time, and the International Labour Organization (ILO) has played a pivotal role in influencing its development on a global scale. The origins of industrial relations can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This period witnessed rapid industrialization, urbanization, and technological advancement, which fundamentally altered the nature of work. The emergence of factories replaced traditional cottage industries, creating a concentrated workforce engaged in repetitive, physically demanding, and often unsafe labor. As a result, conflicts between employers and workers became more pronounced. Workers faced long hours, low wages, and poor working conditions, which led to dissatisfaction, strikes, and the formation of early labor movements. Industrial relations, during this period, were largely adversarial, with employers holding most of the power and workers seeking recognition and basic rights. The 19th century saw the rise of trade unions and the early labor movement, which became central to the development of industrial relations. Trade unions emerged as organized groups representing workers’ interests, negotiating for better wages, working hours, and safety measures. This period marked the transition from unregulated labor markets to a more structured approach where collective bargaining became a tool for dispute resolution. Governments began to intervene, enacting labor laws that regulated child labor, working hours, and workplace safety. Industrial relations evolved from outright confrontation to a system that included ________ _________ ______ ____ ________.
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