Discuss the factors which limit the accuracy of pH measurements.

Briefly explain various types of capacities associated with ion exchangers.

Discuss the principle of coloumn chromatography illustrating the experimental setup.

List different criteria for choosing the mobile phase used in paper chromatography.

Draw a flow chart for the classification of various types of chromatographic techniques

Explain continuous extraction with the help of a suitable diagram. Which factors govern the efficiency of such extractions?

Why 1-position (-position) of naphthalene is more reactive than the 2-position (- position). Explain.

Briefly explain the extraction by chelation. Also give some examples of the chelating agents used.

Discuss the preparation of the following compounds starting from ethyl 3-
oxobutanoate?
i) 2-Butenoic acid (crotonic acid)
ii) 4-ketopentanoic acid

Which reagents are used for extraction by solvation? Give suitable examples.

What is significance of t-test? Explain using a suitable example.

What are the reactions involved in photosystem I and II. Give the Z-scheme of photosynthesis also.

Define Indeterminate errors. How we can reduce them.

Discuss the importance of cadmium of biological system. Why they cannot harm new bond babies? What is the effect of long term cadmium exposure in animals and human?

Discuss the classification of the elements on the basis of mechanism of action.

Writ the procedure for the collection and preservation of water samples.

Give the following reactions for the formation of: (i) carbonylate anion by addition of alkali or reduction (any two) (ii) carbonyl hydrides (any one) (iii) carbonyls by displacement of CO by other ligands (any two).

How are binuclear carbonyls characterized? Give the structure of Fe2(CO)9 and explain the different types of bond present in it.

With suitable reactions (any two) explain reductive carbonylation.

Explain the structure of Ni(CO)4 based on valence bond approach.