What is Network Security? Explain common threats to a network (viruses, worms, DoS/DDoS attacks, sniffing, spoofing) and describe how firewalls, VPNs, and encryption techniques help in securing a network and its administratio

Explain the concept of IP addressing. Discuss IPv4 addressing classes (A, B, C, D, E), subnetting, and the need for IPv6. Also, explain the features of IPv6. Explain the working of DHCP in dynamic IP address allocation.

hat is Network Programming? Explain the Client-Server model of communication with a neat diagram. Discuss the role of sockets in network programming and differentiate between TCP sockets and UDP sockets. (

A local handicrafts cooperative intends to establish an online business to market its products nationally and internationally. Prepare a comprehensive e-commerce implementation plan by addressing the following aspects:

Discuss the benefits and limitations of adopting e-commerce for rural artisans.

Explain the complete e-commerce trade cycle for the proposed business

Distinguish between traditional commerce and e-commer

Also evaluate the operational, financial and managerial benefits as well as the challenges associated with implementing these technologie

Payment Gateway Services

Digital Wallets and Smart Cards

Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)

Electronic Payment Systems (EPS)

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI

Identify the essential elements required for establishing an e-commerce system.

Distinguish between traditional commerce and e-commerce.

 local handicrafts cooperative intends to establish an online business to market its products nationally and internationally. Prepare a comprehensive e-commerce implementation plan by addressing the following aspects:
Distinguish between traditional commerce and e-commerce.

Configure a DNS server (such as BIND9) or FTP server (such as vsftpd) on a Linux operating system. Provide a complete step-by-step installation and configuration guide, and show how to view and sort active service connections using commands like netstat or ss

 Execute the following Linux commands on your terminal and present the command syntax along with sample outputs

The server program converts the received string to UPPERCASE and calculates the total number of vowels present in it, then sends both results back to the client.
The client receives the processed output and sends a final acknowledgment back to the server before terminating the connection.

The client connects to the server and sends a string.
The server program sends an acknowledgment message confirming receipt of the string.