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IP addressing is a fundamental concept in computer networking that enables devices to identify and communicate with one another over a network. An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a logical numerical address assigned to a device connected to an IP-based network. It identifies the network to which the device belongs and the particular host within that network. IP addressing is essential because data packets travelling through a network must have source and destination addresses so that routers and other networking devices can deliver them correctly. The two major versions of the Internet Protocol are IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4, or Internet Protocol version 4, is the most widely used traditional IP addressing system. It uses a 32-bit address, normally represented as four decimal numbers separated by periods. Each number, called an octet, ranges from 0 to 255. For example, 192.168.1.10 is an IPv4 address. A 32-bit IPv4 address provides approximately 4.3 billion possible addresses. An IPv4 address consists of a network portion and a host portion. The network portion identifies the network, while the host portion identifies a particular device on that network. The division between these portions depends on the network class or subnet mask. Traditional IPv4 addressing was divided into five classes: A, B, C, D and E. Class A addresses were designed for very large networks. The first octet ranges from 1 to 126, and the default subnet mask is 255.0.0.0. In Class A, the first 8 bits represent the network portion and the remaining 24 bits represent the host ____ ______ _______ __________ ____.
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