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a. Silent Valley Movement, Kerala The Silent Valley Movement was one of India's most significant environmental movements, launched during the 1970s and early 1980s to protect the Silent Valley rainforest in the Palakkad district of Kerala. The controversy arose when the Kerala State Electricity Board proposed a hydroelectric project on the Kunthipuzha River, which threatened to submerge a large portion of the tropical evergreen forest. Environmentalists, scientists, writers, local communities, and civil society organizations strongly opposed the project due to its potential ecological consequences. From the perspective of Environmental Anthropology, the movement demonstrated the close relationship between human societies and natural ecosystems. Silent Valley was recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, home to numerous endemic species, including the endangered lion-tailed macaque. Anthropologists viewed the forest not merely as a collection of biological resources but as a cultural landscape where ecological balance supported the livelihoods and traditions of ___ __________ _______ ________ ____ ______ __________ _______ ________ ________ ______ ______.
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