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Pastoral communities are societies whose primary means of subsistence depends on the herding and management of domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, yaks, and reindeer. Environmental anthropology studies the dynamic relationship between these communities and their ecological surroundings, emphasizing how resource use is shaped by environmental conditions, cultural traditions, and social institutions. The utilisation of resources in pastoral societies is closely linked with their socio-political organisation, making them highly adaptive to diverse ecological settings. The primary resource in a pastoral community is grazing land. Since vegetation is seasonal and unevenly distributed, pastoralists practise mobility through nomadism, transhumance, or semi-nomadic movements. Seasonal migration allows livestock to utilise different pastures while preventing overgrazing. Water sources such as rivers, lakes, wells, and springs are equally important, and their access is carefully managed according to customary rules. Livestock are the principal economic resource, providing milk, meat, blood, wool, hides, dung, and transport. Animals also function as a measure of wealth, prestige, and social security. ____ ______ __________ ___ ___ ______ ________ _____ ____ ________ _____ ___.
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