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Displacement and resettlement of tribal people constitute one of the most significant concerns in environmental anthropology because tribal communities maintain close ecological, cultural, and economic relationships with their natural environment. Their livelihoods, identity, and traditional knowledge are deeply embedded in forests, rivers, mountains, and common property resources. Displacement not only affects their physical location but also disrupts their social institutions, cultural traditions, and environmental relationships. One of the major factors responsible for tribal displacement is large-scale development projects such as dams, hydroelectric plants, mining, industries, highways, railways, and urban expansion. Since many mineral-rich and forested regions are inhabited by tribal communities, infrastructure and extractive industries often require acquisition of tribal lands. Large multipurpose river valley projects have submerged villages and forests, compelling tribal populations to relocate. Conservation and environmental protection policies have also contributed to displacement. The creation of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and tiger reserves has often involved relocation of tribal communities from protected areas. Although conservation aims to preserve biodiversity, exclusionary policies have sometimes ignored the historical role of indigenous people as custodians of ___ ___ ______ _______ __________ _____ ___ _____ ____.
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