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The concept of ecosystem, borrowed from ecology, has become an important analytical tool in anthropology for understanding the dynamic relationship between humans and their environment. An ecosystem refers to a functional unit comprising living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment, interacting through the exchange of energy, nutrients, and resources. In environmental anthropology, this concept is applied to study how different societies adapt to environmental conditions, manage natural resources, and maintain ecological balance through cultural practices. The ecosystem approach has significantly enriched anthropological studies by integrating biological, cultural, and environmental perspectives. The application of the ecosystem concept in anthropology gained prominence through the development of cultural ecology, pioneered by Julian Steward. Steward argued that cultural practices and social institutions evolve partly in response to environmental constraints and opportunities. He emphasized that the interaction between culture and environment should be studied as ________ ______ ________ ________ ___ ______.
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