What are the significant issues and concerns of international Industrial Relations (IR)? Discuss the recent developments in international IR in terms of union's and management's approach.

International Industrial Relations (IR) encompass the relationship between employers, employees, and the institutions that regulate these interactions across international borders. As globalization has accelerated, managing these relationships has become more complex due to the interplay of varying legal, cultural, economic, and political environments. Several significant issues and concerns have emerged within the domain of international IR.

One major issue is the diversity in labor laws and employment standards across countries. Multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in multiple jurisdictions must comply with each country’s legal framework, which can differ significantly in _________ ________ ______ ________ ________ __________ ______ ______ ____ ____ ____.
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