What are the significant issues and concerns of international Industrial Relations (IR)? Discuss the recent developments in international IR in terms of union's and management's approach.

International Industrial Relations (IR) plays a crucial role in managing employment relationships across different countries, dealing with various legal frameworks, cultural differences, and economic conditions. Several significant issues and concerns affect international IR, particularly in the context of globalization, multinational corporations (MNCs), and evolving labor markets.

One of the major concerns in international IR is divergent labor laws and regulations across countries. Labor policies vary widely, with some nations enforcing stringent labor protections, while others have more relaxed regulations. MNCs must navigate these complexities while ensuring compliance with local laws and maintaining a consistent corporate policy.

Another key issue is union representation and collective bargaining. In some countries, trade unions have strong _______ __________ __________ _______ ________.
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