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New social movements represent a significant shift in the nature, goals, and methods of collective action compared to traditional social movements. Unlike earlier movements that were largely focused on economic issues, class struggle, or political power, new social movements primarily emphasize identity, culture, lifestyle, and quality of life concerns. One of the key features of new social movements is their focus on post-materialist values. Whereas traditional movements, such as labor unions or anti-colonial movements, centered around material gains like wages, land, or political representation, new social movements often concern issues like environmental protection, gender equality, human rights, and cultural identity. For example, the Chipko Movement in India, which emerged in the 1970s, was primarily focused on environmental conservation rather than direct economic benefits for its participants, highlighting the post-materialist orientation of new social movements. Another characteristic of new social movements is their emphasis on identity politics. Participants in these movements often mobilize around social identities such as ethnicity, _________ ____ __________ ________ ____ ___ ____ _____ __________ ____.
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