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The study of Indian society and culture by Western scholars during the colonial period produced three major perspectives that have had a significant impact on the emergence and development of sociology in India. These perspectives—Orientalist, Indological, and Administrative or Utilitarian—shaped the ways in which Indian society was understood, documented, and theorized. Each emerged within a particular historical context and reflected the intellectual, political, and economic interests of the West, yet their contributions also laid the foundation for Indian sociological inquiry, both in terms of subject matter and methodological approaches. The Orientalist perspective was the earliest and emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries with the work of scholars such as Sir William Jones, Max Müller, H. H. Wilson, and Monier-Williams. Orientalists were fascinated by the ancient cultural and literary traditions of India, and they approached Indian society through the study of classical texts in Sanskrit, Persian, and other indigenous languages. They saw Indian civilization as ancient, spiritual, ____ _________ ___ ___ ________ __________ ________ _______ ______ ___.
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