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The social structure of Indian villages has long been a subject of deep inquiry in sociology, for the village has been considered the microcosm of Indian society. Rural life represents continuity with tradition, persistence of cultural values, and simultaneously reveals gradual processes of change under the impact of modernization, industrialization, and globalization. The village community in India is not a homogeneous entity but is stratified, organized, and patterned according to various institutions such as caste, kinship, religion, class, and economy. From a sociological perspective, the examination of these elements provides a comprehensive understanding of the functioning and transformation of village society. Historically, Indian villages were seen as self-sufficient units with their own economic, political, and cultural organizations. Early British administrators and Orientalist scholars like Sir Charles Metcalfe described the village as a “little republic” which remained largely autonomous despite the rise and fall of empires. Later sociologists such as M.N. Srinivas, S.C. Dube, and Andre Béteille critically examined this notion and emphasized the complexities, inequalities, and hierarchies embedded in the village social fabric. Villages were not isolated republics; rather, they were deeply enmeshed in larger regional, political, and economic networks. The caste system forms one of the most defining features of the social structure of Indian villages. Caste is not merely a system of social stratification but an institution that regulates occupation, marriage, commensality, and social interaction. In rural India, castes are hierarchically arranged, with the upper ________ __________ ___ ________ ___ __________ ____ _____ ___ _____ ______.
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