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The Bhakti Movement, which emerged in India between the 7th and 17th centuries, represents one of the most significant socio-religious developments in Indian history. It brought forth a wave of devotional expression across the subcontinent, emphasizing a personal, emotional bond between the devotee and the divine. Its evolution had profound implications on religious practices, social structures, and literary traditions. Although rooted in vernacular expressions, the Bhakti Movement has also found significant representation in Indian English Literature, especially in postcolonial literary criticism, translations, and reinterpretations. The Bhakti Movement initially emerged in South India with the Alvars (devotees of Vishnu) and Nayanars (devotees of Shiva). These saints, active between the 6th and 9th centuries, composed devotional hymns in Tamil that celebrated a direct, unmediated relationship with God. Their emphasis was on love, surrender, and emotional ecstasy. The poetic quality of their verses laid the groundwork for a devotional literary tradition. These poets rejected caste hierarchies and ritualistic Brahmanism, making devotion accessible to all. For instance, the Alvar poetess Andal’s impassioned hymns exemplify a feminine voice in religious devotion, which becomes an important focus in later feminist readings in Indian English literature. The movement gradually spread to the northern parts of India during the ______ _______ ____ ____ ___ _________ __________ _________ ___ _______ ________ _________.
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