Outline the process of protein purification, including common techniques used. Discuss methods like chromatography and electrophoresis.

Protein purification is a critical process in biochemistry used to isolate a specific protein from a complex mixture of proteins and other cellular components. The goal of protein purification is to obtain a pure form of the protein for further analysis or use in research and industrial applications. The process can be broken down into several stages: sample preparation, initial fractionation, and final purification. Various techniques, including chromatography and electrophoresis, are commonly employed throughout the process.

The first step in protein purification is the preparation of the sample. This involves breaking open cells (via mechanical, chemical, or enzymatic methods) to release the proteins into a solution. The solution is then subjected to centrifugation to remove insoluble debris, _______ ______ _____ _______ _______ _______.
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