Discuss the role of vitamins as coenzymes in metabolic reactions. Choose three vitamins and describe their biochemical roles and deficiency symptoms.

Vitamins play a crucial role in metabolism by serving as coenzymes or precursors to coenzymes that facilitate enzymatic reactions. Coenzymes are organic molecules that bind to enzymes and assist in catalysis, often by acting as carriers of specific atoms or functional groups. Many vitamins are modified within the body to form active coenzyme derivatives that participate in various biochemical pathways.  

### Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) and its Role in Metabolism  
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) is essential for carbohydrate metabolism. It is converted into thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which serves as a coenzyme in several key enzymatic reactions, including:  
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: TPP helps convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, linking glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.  
- α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: This enzyme is crucial for the citric acid cycle, where TPP facilitates ____ ____ ___ ___ __________ ______ _____ __________ __________ ____ _________.
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