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Environmental determinism and cultural determinism represent two contrasting approaches in Environmental Anthropology for explaining the relationship between human societies and their environments. Both perspectives attempt to understand how culture, human behavior, and the natural environment interact, yet they differ fundamentally in assigning causal importance to nature or culture. Environmental determinism argues that the physical environment is the primary factor shaping human societies, culture, economy, and social organization. According to this perspective, climatic conditions, topography, soil, water availability, and natural resources determine the patterns of human life. Early geographers and anthropologists believed that differences among civilizations could largely be explained by environmental conditions. Friedrich Ratzel and Ellsworth Huntington are among the prominent proponents of this view. Huntington, for example, argued that temperate climates were more ________ _________ _______ ______ _________ ________.
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