Give an account of various abiotic stressors for plant growth.

Abiotic stress refers to the negative impact on plants due to non-living environmental factors. These stressors disrupt normal plant growth, development, and metabolism, often leading to reduced yield and productivity. Various abiotic stressors include temperature extremes, water scarcity, salinity, heavy metals, radiation, and drought. These stress factors affect plants at the molecular, physiological, and biochemical levels, often altering enzymatic activities, metabolic pathways, and gene expression patterns.

One of the most common abiotic stressors is drought stress, which occurs when there is insufficient water availability for plants. Drought leads to a reduction in turgor pressure, decreased photosynthesis, and limited nutrient uptake from the soil. In response to drought, plants may close their stomata to reduce water loss, but this also limits carbon dioxide intake, ________ ___ _____ ___ _______.
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