Highlight the medicinal properties of secondary metabolites.

Secondary metabolites are bioactive compounds produced by plants that are not directly involved in primary metabolic processes like growth, development, or reproduction. These compounds often serve as defensive mechanisms against herbivores, pathogens, and environmental stressors. Despite not being essential for the plant’s survival, secondary metabolites have significant medicinal properties that have been utilized in traditional and modern medicine.

One of the most well-known classes of secondary metabolites with medicinal properties are alkaloids. Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing compounds that have diverse biological activities. For example, morphine, derived from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), is a powerful analgesic used to relieve severe pain. Another alkaloid, quinine, obtained from the bark of the ___ ________ ______ _______ ________.
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