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The Lotka-Volterra model is one of the foundational mathematical representations of prey-predator interactions in ecology. Developed independently by Alfred Lotka and Vito Volterra in the early 20th century, it describes how predator and prey populations fluctuate over time in a cyclical manner. The model assumes that prey populations grow exponentially in the absence of predators, while predator populations decline exponentially in the absence of prey. It also assumes that the environment is homogeneous, encounters between predators and prey are random, and there are no time delays in reproduction ______ ___ ___ ____ _________.
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