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Population theories provide the intellectual foundation for understanding demographic dynamics and formulating appropriate policies and programmes. The classical theory of population, advanced by Thomas Malthus, highlighted the imbalance between population growth and food supply, suggesting that unchecked population growth leads to poverty, famine, and misery. Though criticized for being overly pessimistic, the Malthusian theory influenced early population policies focused on controlling fertility. In contrast, Karl Marx rejected Malthus’ view, arguing that poverty was not caused by overpopulation but by unequal distribution of resources under capitalist systems. The demographic transition theory later provided a more systematic framework by linking population change with socio-economic development, showing that societies move from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as they modernize. This theory has become central in understanding population change in developing countries. Other perspectives, such as the optimum _________ ___ __________ _____ __________.
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