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Maternal mortality in India remains a critical public health challenge despite progress in health infrastructure, policy interventions, and awareness campaigns. Maternal mortality refers to the death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from causes related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in India has significantly declined over the past few decades, yet it continues to be higher compared to many other developing countries. The factors contributing to maternal mortality in India are complex and interconnected, ranging from socio-economic conditions and cultural practices to gaps in health care delivery and policy implementation. Examining these factors in light of population theories, policies, and programmes provides a holistic understanding of the problem. One of the most prominent factors influencing maternal mortality in India is the socio-economic status of women. Poverty, lack of education, and gender inequality contribute to poor maternal health outcomes. Women from economically weaker sections often lack access to adequate nutrition, antenatal care, and safe delivery facilities. Malnutrition among women, which is widespread in India, leads to complications during pregnancy and childbirth, including anemia, obstructed labor, and hemorrhage. According to population theories like Malthusian perspectives, rapid population growth exacerbates poverty and strains resources, making it harder for women in poor families to access quality health services. In contrast, demographic transition theory highlights that _______ _____ _______ ______ ___ _______ _______ ___ ________ __________ _________ _____.
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