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The history of national population policies in India is closely tied to the demographic challenges the country has faced since independence. India was the first developing nation in the world to adopt an official population policy in 1952. At that time, the country was struggling with a rapidly increasing population that posed a threat to economic growth, food security, and the availability of basic services. The early policy was not highly structured but was significant in signaling governmental recognition that unchecked population growth could obstruct development goals. The initial focus was on creating awareness about family planning and making contraceptive methods available, largely through the public health system. This phase was characterized by a voluntary approach, where the government sought to encourage couples to adopt small family norms without imposing strict targets. During the 1960s and 1970s, the urgency of controlling population growth became more pronounced. India’s population growth rate was among the highest in the world, and this raised concerns both nationally and internationally. The Family Planning Programme was strengthened with the aim of promoting contraception, sterilization, and spacing methods. The approach gradually shifted towards a more target-oriented system. The period of Emergency between 1975 and 1977 marked the most controversial phase in the history of India’s population policy. Coercive sterilization campaigns were conducted, which generated widespread criticism, mistrust, and resistance towards the family planning programme. This experience demonstrated the risks of adopting coercive strategies and later shaped the emphasis on voluntary participation in family welfare initiatives. In 1977, after the Emergency, the government introduced a new approach under the Family Welfare Programme. The word “family planning” was replaced with _______ ____ __________ _______ __________ _________ _____ _________ ________ _______ ___ ________.
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