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The relationship between population and agriculture has been one of the central concerns of demographic studies, and the Malthusian theory remains a foundational perspective in understanding these dynamics. Thomas Robert Malthus, in his famous work “An Essay on the Principle of Population” (1798), argued that population growth has an inherent tendency to outpace food supply, creating conditions of scarcity, poverty, and social unrest. His thoughts on population and agriculture were rooted in the socio-economic conditions of his time, yet they continue to influence debates on population policies, food security, and sustainable development. Malthus began with two basic postulates: first, that food is necessary for human survival, and second, that human beings have a natural propensity to reproduce. Based on these assumptions, he proposed that population grows in a geometric ratio (doubling every 25 years if unchecked), whereas food supply increases only in an arithmetic ratio due to the limitations of agricultural productivity. This imbalance, according to Malthus, would inevitably lead to a crisis in which population would exceed the available resources, resulting in famine, disease, and conflict. For him, agriculture could not keep pace with the rapid _____ __________ ________ _________ __________ _________ _______ ___.
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