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The integration of Dalits and minorities into the mainstream of the Indian National Movement was a complex and gradual process shaped by social, political, and ideological factors. The nationalist leadership, aware of the deep social divisions within Indian society, attempted to bring various marginalized communities, including Dalits and religious minorities, into the fold of the anti-colonial struggle. Their efforts were influenced by the need to project the freedom struggle as a mass movement encompassing all sections of society and to counter British policies of “divide and rule.” The approaches taken involved political inclusion, social reform, negotiations over representation, and efforts to evoke a shared sense of Indian identity. Dalits, or the “Depressed Classes,” had historically suffered social exclusion and discrimination under the caste system. Their integration into the national movement required both political engagement and social reform. Early nationalist leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale focused on constitutional reforms and political representation but largely overlooked the social dimensions of caste oppression. It was only in the early twentieth century, with the rise of mass politics, that the Congress leadership began to more actively address Dalit issues. Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s Home Rule Movement did not focus directly on Dalit upliftment, but it helped create a national consciousness that later expanded to include social questions. Mahatma Gandhi played a central role in attempting to integrate Dalits into the mainstream of the national movement. He referred to them as “Harijans,” meaning “children of God,” to emphasize their dignity and humanity. Gandhi’s approach combined social reform with political mobilization. He launched campaigns to eradicate untouchability, improve sanitation and education in Dalit communities, and encourage upper-caste Hindus to open temples and public facilities to them. _______ _____ ___ _______ __________.
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