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The integration of Dalits and minorities into the mainstream of the Indian National Movement was a complex and gradual process shaped by social, political, and ideological factors. The nationalist leadership, aware of the deep social divisions within Indian society, attempted to bring various marginalized communities, including Dalits and religious minorities, into the fold of the anti-colonial struggle. Their efforts were influenced by the need to project the freedom struggle as a mass movement encompassing all sections of society and to counter British policies of “divide and rule.” The approaches taken involved political inclusion, social reform, negotiations over representation, and efforts to evoke a shared sense of Indian identity. Dalits, or the “Depressed Classes,” had historically suffered social exclusion and discrimination under the caste system. Their integration into the national movement required both political engagement and social reform. Early nationalist leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale focused on constitutional reforms and political representation but largely overlooked the social dimensions of caste oppression. It was only in the early twentieth century, with the rise of mass politics, that the Congress leadership began to more actively address Dalit ________ _________ ________ ______ ______ ________ _________.
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