Discuss the contributions of anthropologists in the study of Tribes. 

Anthropologists have played a significant role in the study of tribes in India, offering crucial insights into their socio-cultural, economic, and political life. The contributions of anthropologists to the understanding of Indian tribes can be examined in several phases, primarily through ethnographic studies, theoretical perspectives, and policy formulations. Their work has contributed to documenting tribal languages, traditions, rituals, beliefs, and systems of governance, as well as helping to shape policies regarding their welfare and integration into the national mainstream. The efforts of anthropologists have also been integral in understanding the diversity and complexity of tribal life in India.

In the early stages, anthropologists were mostly engaged in documenting the tribes’ way of life, often viewing them through an evolutionary lens. The British colonial administrators and scholars, such as Herbert Hope Risley and E. A. Gait, initially focused on classifying tribes based on their social status, physical characteristics, and economic roles. They categorized tribes as "primitive" or "uncivilized," perpetuating stereotypes of backwardness. This early anthropological focus often reduced tribes to mere objects of study rather than active subjects with agency.

However, with the emergence of modern anthropology in the 20th century, particularly post-independence, anthropologists started focusing on a more holistic understanding of tribal communities. They adopted a functionalist _______ ________ ________ __________ _______ _____ ________ _____ ___ _____ ___ __________.
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