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Land alienation and debt-bondage are two of the most pressing structural issues faced by the tribal communities in India. These issues have deep historical roots and are compounded by socio-economic, political, and legal marginalization. Tribal people, who constitute around 8.6% of India’s population (Census 2011), have traditionally lived in close connection with forests and land. However, over time, their rights over land have been increasingly undermined due to colonization, state-led development projects, market forces, and exploitative social structures. This reflection explores the nature, causes, and consequences of land alienation and debt-bondage among the tribes of India with illustrative examples. Historically, tribal communities have enjoyed communal ownership over land and natural resources. The colonial period marked a significant shift in land relations. The British introduced individual ownership and formal land records, which clashed with tribal customs and practices. The introduction of laws like the Permanent Settlement Act and other land revenue systems ignored tribal customary rights and led to widespread land dispossession. Post-independence, although the Constitution of India under Schedule V and Schedule VI provided special protections to tribal areas, the implementation has been uneven and often ineffective. Land alienation among tribes refers to the involuntary displacement or dispossession of tribal _______ _________ ______ ___ _____ _________ ______.
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