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Land alienation and debt-bondage are two of the most pressing structural issues faced by the tribal communities in India. These issues have deep historical roots and are compounded by socio-economic, political, and legal marginalization. Tribal people, who constitute around 8.6% of India’s population (Census 2011), have traditionally lived in close connection with forests and land. However, over time, their rights over land have been increasingly undermined due to colonization, state-led development projects, market forces, and exploitative social structures. This reflection explores the nature, causes, and consequences of land alienation and debt-bondage among the tribes of India with illustrative examples. Historically, tribal communities have enjoyed communal ownership over land and natural resources. The colonial period marked a significant shift in land relations. The British introduced individual ownership and formal land records, which clashed with tribal customs and practices. The introduction of laws like the Permanent Settlement Act and other land revenue systems ignored tribal customary rights and led to widespread land dispossession. Post-independence, although the Constitution of India under Schedule V and Schedule VI provided special protections to tribal areas, the implementation has been uneven and often ineffective. Land alienation among tribes refers to the involuntary displacement or dispossession of tribal people from their ancestral lands. It occurs due to several factors: development-induced displacement, legal manipulation, indebtedness, encroachment by non-tribals, and loopholes in land laws. Tribes such as the Santhals in Jharkhand, Gonds in Madhya Pradesh, and Bhils in Rajasthan have been systematically alienated from their land due to infrastructure projects, mining activities, and even tourism development. Development-induced displacement is a major contributor to land alienation. Large-scale projects such as dams, mining, highways, and industrial corridors often come at the cost of tribal lands. For instance, the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River displaced thousands of tribal _____ ________ _______ _________ ________.
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