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Shifting and terrace cultivation are traditional agricultural practices adopted by various tribal communities in India to adapt to their ecological environments, particularly in hilly and forested terrains. These methods are closely intertwined with tribal lifestyles, social organization, and cultural values. Although these systems are often seen as primitive or unsustainable by mainstream agrarian standards, they represent indigenous ecological knowledge and centuries-old adaptation strategies. This discussion examines the characteristics, processes, social dimensions, and sustainability of shifting and terrace cultivation in India, with illustrative tribal examples. Shifting Cultivation (Jhum or Podu Cultivation) Shifting cultivation is a form of subsistence agriculture practiced mostly in the hilly and forested regions of northeastern, eastern, and central India. It involves the clearing of forested land (usually through slash-and-burn methods), cultivation of crops for a few years, and subsequent abandonment of the land for regeneration. This practice is locally known by different names across India: *Jhum* in the Northeast (Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh), *Podu* in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, *Bewar* or *Dahiya* in Madhya Pradesh, *Kumari* in Karnataka and Western Ghats, and *Valre* in Maharashtra. Despite terminological variations, the core process remains consistent. The cycle begins with the selection of a forested hill slope, where vegetation is cut and dried for a few weeks and then burned. The ash adds nutrients to the soil. Cultivation is typically carried out with minimal tools and labor input, using dibbling (making holes with sticks) rather than ploughing. A variety __________ ______ __________ _______ ______.
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