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Sheep and goat farming has been an integral part of animal husbandry practices in many regions of the world due to their adaptability, economic importance, and role in providing meat, milk, fiber, and hides. However, with the expansion of intensive farming practices and increased demand for animal products, a variety of welfare issues have emerged. These issues often stem from poor management, inadequate housing, overstocking, lack of veterinary care, and practices that ignore the behavioral and physiological needs of the animals. Among the major welfare concerns in sheep and goat farming are inadequate nutrition, painful husbandry procedures, lameness, parasitic infestations, heat and cold stress, predation risks, and poor handling during transport and slaughter. These problems not only reduce productivity but also compromise the basic rights of animals to live free from unnecessary suffering. Out of these, two issues stand out in terms of welfare concern: painful husbandry practices such as tail docking, castration, and dehorning, and parasitic infestations that compromise the health and wellbeing of animals. Painful husbandry procedures are widely practiced in sheep and goat farming, often justified for management convenience or economic reasons. Tail docking in sheep, for instance, is carried out to reduce the risk of flystrike, a parasitic infestation caused by blowflies. Castration is practiced to prevent aggressive behavior in males and to improve meat quality. Similarly, disbudding or dehorning in goats is _______ _________ ______ ______ ______ _____ ______ ________.
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