Describe the natural and microbial toxins in food and their effects on humans.

Natural and microbial toxins in food are substances that can cause harmful effects on humans when ingested. These toxins originate either from the food itself, such as plants and animals producing natural toxins, or from microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae contaminating the food. Understanding these toxins is crucial in food microbiology because they pose significant health risks and can lead to foodborne illnesses.

Natural toxins in food are chemicals produced by plants, animals, or fungi as a defense mechanism against predators or environmental stress. Some common natural toxins include alkaloids, glycosides, and lectins found in plants. For example, solanine in potatoes and tomatine in tomatoes are toxic alkaloids. These toxins can cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and in severe cases, neurological damage if consumed in large amounts. Another example is cyanogenic glycosides found in cassava, which _________ _______ ___ ____ __________.
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