Explain the chemical changes associated with food spoilage.

Food spoilage is a complex process that involves various chemical changes resulting from microbial activity, enzymatic reactions, and environmental factors. These chemical changes alter the food's sensory characteristics such as taste, odor, texture, and appearance, making it unsuitable for consumption. In food microbiology, understanding these chemical changes is crucial because microorganisms play a major role in initiating and accelerating spoilage.

One of the primary chemical changes during food spoilage is the breakdown of proteins. Proteins in food are susceptible to microbial proteases, enzymes produced by spoilage bacteria and fungi. These enzymes hydrolyze proteins into smaller peptides ____ _________ __________ ___ ____ ________ ____ ________ _________.
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