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Communication is a fundamental process in Industrial and Organisational Psychology through which information, ideas, opinions, emotions, and instructions are exchanged among individuals and groups to achieve organisational objectives. It serves as the foundation for planning, coordination, motivation, leadership, and decision-making. Effective communication ensures that employees understand their roles, organisational goals, and performance expectations, thereby promoting efficiency, cooperation, and job satisfaction. In industrial settings, communication occurs in various forms, including upward, downward, horizontal, diagonal, formal, and informal communication. One of the primary functions of communication is information sharing. Managers communicate organisational policies, procedures, goals, rules, and work instructions to employees. Similarly, employees provide feedback regarding work progress, operational issues, and suggestions for improvement. Accurate information flow reduces uncertainty and supports informed decision-making. Communication also performs a motivational function. Managers use communication to encourage employees ______ _______ ______ _____ _______ _____ _____.
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