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Total Quality Management (TQM): Definition and Distinction from Traditional Management Total Quality Management (TQM) is a comprehensive, organization-wide philosophy that focuses on continuous improvement in all aspects of business operations, with the ultimate goal of enhancing customer satisfaction. TQM involves the participation of all employees, from top management to frontline workers, in improving processes, products, services, and the organizational culture itself. TQM is not just a set of techniques or a specific program; rather, it is a way of thinking and operating that emphasizes quality in every activity of an organization. It is based on several key principles, including customer focus, continuous improvement, employee involvement, process-centered approaches, integrated systems, strategic and systematic approaches, fact-based decision-making, and effective communication. The origin of TQM can be traced back to the post-World War II era, particularly in Japan, where quality pioneers such as W. Edwards Deming and Joseph Juran introduced quality control concepts that eventually evolved into the TQM philosophy. Over time, the principles of TQM spread globally and became integral to modern management practices, particularly in manufacturing, service industries, healthcare, education, and government sectors. ### Key Features of Total Quality Management 1. Customer Focus: The primary _______ _______ _________ ___ _______ _____ ___ ___.
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