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The tribal population in India has historically faced socio-economic marginalization, land alienation, and cultural erosion due to various historical, political, and economic forces. In response, the Government of India has established several commissions over the decades to study tribal issues, suggest policy reforms, and monitor the constitutional safeguards provided to Scheduled Tribes (STs). These commissions have played a pivotal role in shaping tribal policies in India. A critical examination of these commissions and their recommendations reveals both the strengths of institutional interventions and the limitations of implementation. 1. Dhebar Commission (1960–61) This was the first commission set up post-independence to specifically look into the problems of Scheduled Tribes. It was headed by U.N. Dhebar, the first Chairman of the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission. Key Recommendations: * Emphasized the need to protect tribal lands from alienation. * Suggested establishment of Tribal Development Blocks for focused development efforts. * Recommended a minimum level of education for tribal children, with special emphasis on mother-tongue instruction. * Proposed creation of a unified tribal welfare administration in each state. * Argued for strengthening legal and administrative mechanisms to prevent exploitation by moneylenders, traders, and contractors. Critical Evaluation: The Dhebar Commission laid the groundwork for tribal welfare policy in independent India. Its stress on integrated development and cultural sensitivity was progressive for its time. However, many of its recommendations, such as curbing land alienation and exploitation, saw limited implementation on the ground due to lack of political will and entrenched local interests. 2. Elwin Committee (1960) Set up by the Ministry of Home Affairs and headed by anthropologist Verrier Elwin, this committee primarily focused on tribal education. Key Recommendations: * Advocated for the use of tribal languages in primary education. * Emphasized "National Education with tribal bias", i.e., adapting __________ ____ ___ ________ ________ _____ ________ ____.
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