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The concept of Indigenous populations refers to communities that are the original inhabitants of a particular geographic region, often having distinct cultural, linguistic, social, and historical characteristics that set them apart from the dominant society. Globally, Indigenous peoples are identified by their historical continuity with pre-colonial societies, a strong link to their traditional territories, and their maintenance of distinct social, economic, and political systems. They often experience marginalization and struggle for recognition of their rights, resources, and identity. In India, the term “Indigenous” is complex and politically nuanced. Unlike some countries that use the term explicitly to identify native communities, India primarily uses the term “Scheduled Tribes” (STs) in official discourse. These communities are identified in the Constitution under Article 342 and are often seen as the Indigenous peoples of India, although the term "Adivasi" (original inhabitant) is commonly used in social and academic contexts to describe them. The label “Adivasi” is more prevalent in central and eastern India and carries connotations of indigeneity and cultural distinction. India’s tribal population is diverse, with over 700 communities recognized as Scheduled Tribes, accounting for approximately 8.6% of the total population (as per Census 2011). These groups are concentrated in states such as Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and the northeastern states like Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya. Each community possesses unique traditions, dialects, and worldviews, many of which are intricately linked to the natural environment and land. The question of identity among Indigenous or tribal communities in India is shaped by a long history of socio-economic marginalization, cultural assimilation, and political struggle. The modern Indian state, since independence, has acknowledged tribal communities through constitutional safeguards, reservations, and welfare schemes. However, the actual lived experiences of these communities reveal ongoing challenges in the assertion and recognition of their identity. Historically, the colonial classification of tribes as “primitive” or “backward” laid the groundwork for the persistent marginalization of these groups. British ____ ______ ____ ______ _________ ______ ______ _____ __________ ___ ____.
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