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Human Resource Management (HRM) has undergone a significant transformation from a traditional administrative function concerned mainly with employee records and welfare to a strategic business partner responsible for organisational competitiveness, innovation, and sustainable growth. This evolution reflects changes in economic structures, technological advancements, globalisation, workforce expectations, and the increasing recognition that human capital is a critical source of organisational advantage. Traditional personnel administration emerged during the industrial era when organisations operated through hierarchical structures, standardised work processes, and strict managerial control. The primary focus of personnel management was administrative efficiency. Personnel departments were responsible for recruitment procedures, payroll management, attendance monitoring, compliance with labour laws, employee discipline, and maintaining employment records. Employees were largely viewed as a factor of production, and the relationship between employers and employees was often transactional. The emphasis was on maintaining stability, reducing conflicts, and ensuring adherence to organisational rules rather than developing employee capabilities. The traditional personnel administration approach had several limitations. It was reactive rather than proactive because decisions were usually made after problems occurred. Personnel managers had limited involvement in organisational strategy and were often considered support staff rather than contributors _____ ______ __________ __________ ________ ______ ___ _____.
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