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Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing global issues of the twenty-first century, exerting profound impacts on natural systems, human societies, and the built environment. The concept of vulnerability assessment is central to understanding how different sectors and communities are exposed to and affected by the consequences of a changing climate. Vulnerability assessment seeks to identify the degree to which systems are susceptible to harm due to climate variability and change, as well as their capacity to adapt. However, assessing vulnerability is an inherently complex task because it involves multidimensional and interlinked factors such as exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Climate change amplifies these complexities by introducing uncertainty, spatial and temporal variability, and socio-economic inequalities that affect all major sectors of human and ecological systems. Human health, infrastructure, agriculture, and biodiversity are among the most affected sectors where vulnerability assessment faces distinctive yet interconnected challenges. In the context of human health, climate change alters disease patterns, intensifies extreme weather events, and exacerbates existing inequalities in access to healthcare and resources. The vulnerability of populations to health impacts depends on a range of factors including age, socio-economic status, geographic location, and pre-existing medical conditions. For instance, heatwaves have become more frequent and severe, posing heightened risks to the elderly, children, and people with chronic illnesses. Assessing vulnerability in such cases requires not only climatic data but also detailed socio-demographic and public health information, which is often lacking or unevenly distributed, particularly in developing countries. Moreover, vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue are _________ ___ _______ _________ _____ __________ ___ ____ ______.
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