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The politics of climate change negotiations has been profoundly shaped by the long-standing North-South divide, which is rooted in historical inequalities, economic disparities, and conflicting national interests between developed and developing countries. Climate change is a global problem that requires cooperative solutions, but the negotiation processes reveal that the structural imbalance between the Global North and the Global South plays a central role in determining outcomes. Developed countries, largely responsible for historical greenhouse gas emissions, and developing countries, disproportionately affected by climate change despite their lower emissions, approach negotiations from very different positions. This asymmetry has produced tensions over responsibility, equity, financing, technology transfer, and the right to development, making the climate regime a contested space where power, justice, and survival intersect. The historical context of North-South politics in climate change negotiations begins with the recognition that industrialized countries in the North have contributed the most to cumulative carbon dioxide emissions since the Industrial Revolution. The rapid industrial growth of Europe, North America, and later Japan led to unprecedented economic prosperity but also significant environmental degradation. By contrast, many countries in the South, including Africa, South Asia, and parts of Latin America, have only recently begun to industrialize and remain vulnerable to the impacts of climate change such as rising sea levels, desertification, droughts, floods, and biodiversity loss. This creates a moral and political dilemma: the nations least responsible for creating the problem are the ones suffering the most severe consequences. The global climate regime had to grapple with this disparity, which was articulated through principles like “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” (CBDR-RC), enshrined in the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The principle of CBDR-RC became a focal point __________ ________ _______ ________ __________.
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