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(a) What is Plan Bee? Plan Bee is an innovative mitigation measure adopted by Indian Railways (initially by Northeast Frontier Railway) that uses recorded sounds of agitated honeybees played over loudspeakers near railway tracks to deter wild elephants from entering rail corridors. The idea exploits elephants’ well-documented avoidance of bees: elephants show clear behavioural responses to buzzing and the threat of stings, so a sustained playback of bee sounds causes them to retreat from the source. The system is inexpensive and simple — speakers and battery-powered amplifiers installed at accident-prone stretches broadcast a looping bee-buzz recording when trains are approaching or when elephant movements are likely. The initiative was piloted around 2017 and later publicised as “Plan Bee” by rail and conservation agencies. ([IAS EXPRESS][1]) (b) The need for Plan Bee Train–elephant collisions emerged as a serious animal-welfare and conservation problem in parts of India where elephant ranges intersect rail lines — particularly in Assam and northern West Bengal, but also in other regions with fragmented habitat. Between the mid-2010s and 2019 there were dozens of recorded elephant deaths caused by trains; in some reporting periods nearly 70 deaths over a few years were attributed to collisions. These accidents have tragic welfare consequences (severe injury and death for individual __________ _______ ____ _____ ____ ___ _____ _____.
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